Palm orchard in the lower Euphrates valley. Topography The Tigris flowing through the region of modern Mosul in Upper Mesopotamia. Scholars believe that wild cereal grasses probably spread with the forest cover, out from the glacial refugia westward into the Zagros. Northwest Syria, dominated in ancient times by deciduous oak, is thought to have been less arid between 10,000 BCE and 7000 BCE than it is today. During the glacial period, it is thought that lower temperatures or higher aridity resulted in sparse or non-existent forest cover similar to steppe type terrain in the area of the Zagros Mountains and varying forest cover in the territories of modern-day Turkey and Syria. While developing models to describe the early development of settled agriculture in the Near East, reconstructions of climate and vegetation are a subject of consideration. The agriculture of Northern or Upper Mesopotamia, the land that would eventually become Assyria, had enough rainfall to allow dry agriculture most of the time so that irrigation and large institutional estates were less important, but the returns were also usually lower. The agriculture of southern or Lower Mesopotamia, the land of Sumer and Akkad, which later became Babylonia received almost no rain and required large scale irrigation works which were supervised by temple estates, but could produce high returns. In reality, there were two types of Mesopotamian agriculture, corresponding to the two main ecological domains, which largely overlapped with cultural distinctions. They focused above all on the cultivation of cereals (particularly barley) and sheep farming, but also farmed legumes, as well as date palms in the south and grapes in the north. Operating under harsh constraints, notably the arid climate, the Mesopotamian farmers developed effective strategies that enabled them to support the development of the first states, the first cities, and then the first known empires, under the supervision of the institutions which dominated the economy: the royal and provincial palaces, the temples, and the domains of the elites. The district authorities are committed to resolving this issue and ensuring sustainable and controlled urban development in the city, the official added.Agriculture is the ratio main economic activity in ancient Mesopotamia. Read: LDA ordered to develop TORs for Lahore Master Plan 2050Īn official from the district administration highlighted the need for strict enforcement of regulations and consistent vigilance to prevent the unauthorised mushrooming of housing project and protect agricultural resources for their intended purpose. ‘This report will serve as the basis for taking further action against those involved in these unauthorised schemes, to preserve the integrity of the city’s urban planning and safeguard agricultural land from encroachment,’ he stated. Lahore District Collector Adnan Rashid has emphasised the gravity of the situation and announced that a comprehensive report on these illegal farm housing societies will be presented within the next fifteen days. To ensure future compliance, written affidavits will be required for the purchase and sale of agricultural land, specifically prohibiting its use for farm housing schemes. This law aims to preserve agricultural resources and prevent their exploitation for commercial and residential use. It is important to note that the use of agricultural land for farm housing schemes within an 8-decimal kilometre radius is strictly prohibited. Read: WB for promotion of green buildings in Lahore Furthermore, authorities are obligated by Section 145 of the Local Government Ordinance 2021 to address and combat such violations. The legality of these schemes falls under Section 9 of the West Pakistan Border Area Regulation 1959, which prohibits unauthorised development in border regions. These unauthorised developments have prompted local authorities to take action against those responsible. Upon investigation, it was revealed that Tehsil Cantt accounted for 62 of the illegal farm housing schemes, while Tehsil Shalimar had 29. Moreover, the schemes located within an 8.1-decimal kilometre radius of the Border Zero Line are of added concern owing to security reasons. These unauthorised farm house projects have raised concerns about illegal urbanisation and the potential misuse of agricultural land for residential purposes. Read: Construction of Ring Road’s Southern Loop commences in Lahore Lahore: The authorities have made a significant discovery of 91 unauthorised farm house projects within the city, according to news sources on July 18.
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